One-way quantum computer

The one-way or measurement based quantum computer (MBQC) is a method of quantum computing that first prepares an entangled resource state, usually a cluster state or graph state, then performs single qubit measurements on it. It is "one-way" because the resource state is destroyed by the measurements.
The outcome of each individual measurement is random, but they are related in such a way that the computation always succeeds. In general the choices of basis for later measurements need to depend on the results of earlier measurements, and hence the measurements cannot all be performed at the same time.
Equivalence to quantum circuit model
Any one-way computation can be made into a quantum circuit by using quantum gates to prepare the resource state. For cluster and graph resource states, this requires only one two-qubit gate per bond, so is efficient.
Conversely, any quantum circuit can be simulated by a one-way computer...